Sources & References

Where Our Information Comes From

If you’ve been reading articles on TCM Simply, you might be wondering where the information comes from.

Traditional Chinese Medicine is more than 2,000 years old. It blends history, philosophy, cultural traditions, and medical theory, which means not every article can rely on the same type of source.

Some topics trace back to classical Chinese medical texts. Others are based on historical records, modern academic research, or observations of everyday Chinese culture that continue today.

My goal isn’t to convince you that TCM is right or wrong. It’s simply to explain what Traditional Chinese Medicine says, where those ideas came from, and how they’re understood today.

Whenever possible, I reference reputable sources and make it clear whether an article is discussing traditional TCM theory, historical context, or modern scientific evidence.

Below is an overview of the types of sources used throughout this website.

How Articles Are Written

Every article on TCM Simply follows roughly the same process.

  1. Start with the original TCM concept or historical source.
  2. Check how modern TCM institutions explain the idea today.
  3. Look for reputable scientific research where relevant.
  4. Add historical or cultural context.
  5. Present everything in clear, plain English.

Classical Chinese Medical Texts

These are the foundational texts of Chinese medicine. Most were written between 2,000 and 1,800 years ago, and they form the backbone of TCM theory and practice. We cite them when explaining where a particular idea or concept comes from.

  • Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon / 黄帝内经) — c. 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE. The oldest and most important TCM text. Covers qi, yin-yang, the meridian system, and organ theory.
  • Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage / 伤寒论) — c. 200 CE by Zhang Zhongjing. The foundational work on herbal formulas and disease patterns.
  • Shennong Bencao Jing (Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica / 神农本草经) — c. 200–250 CE. The original Chinese herbal encyclopedia, classifying 365 medicinal substances.
  • Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica / 本草纲目) — 1596 CE by Li Shizhen. A Ming Dynasty masterwork cataloguing nearly 1,900 substances.
  • Nan Jing (Classic of Difficult Issues / 难经) — c. 200 CE. Explores acupuncture, pulse diagnosis, and the meridian system in depth.
  • Jin Gui Yao Lue (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet / 金匮要略) — c. 200 CE by Zhang Zhongjing. A companion to the Shang Han Lun focused on internal medicine.
  • Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (The Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 针灸甲乙经) — c. 260 CE by Huangfu Mi. The oldest surviving text dedicated entirely to acupuncture points and moxibustion.

When you see “According to the Huangdi Neijing…” or “Classical Chinese medical texts describe…” on this site, it’s one of these works being referenced.

Modern Research & Academic Sources

For topics that intersect with modern research — acupuncture studies, evidence summaries, safety information — we turn to established institutional sources. These are cited neutrally, without suggesting that research proves or disproves TCM as a whole.

  • NCCIH (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) — part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Provides evidence-based summaries on practices like acupuncture and tai chi.
  • PubMed — the NIH’s database of biomedical literature. Used for locating peer-reviewed studies.
  • WHO Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine — the World Health Organization’s global resource on traditional medicine regulation and policy.
  • Harvard Health Publishing — Harvard Medical School’s public health resource.
  • Johns Hopkins Medicine — patient-facing information on integrative health approaches.
  • Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE) — research on Asian health practices and cross-cultural medicine.
  • Cochrane Library — systematic reviews of healthcare research, including acupuncture and herbal medicine studies.

Universities & TCM Institutions

These sources help explain how TCM is taught, practiced, and regulated in modern China and globally. We use them for institutional context, not for medical claims.

  • Beijing University of Chinese Medicine — one of China’s leading TCM universities.
  • China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS) — the national research institute for TCM.
  • Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine — another major TCM research and education center.
  • World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) — sets international standards for acupuncture practice.
  • World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (WFCMS) — promotes international standards for Chinese medicine.

Historical & Cultural References

For historical context, biographical details, dynasty timelines, and cultural background, we draw from well-established reference and cultural institutions.

  • Encyclopaedia Britannica — general reference for historical and cultural topics.
  • Smithsonian Institution — Chinese history and cultural artifacts.
  • The British Museum — historical context and artifact research.
  • National Geographic — cultural reporting and global health coverage.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art — Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History — Chinese art history and dynastic timelines.
  • Needham Research Institute (University of Cambridge) — scholarly research on the history of Chinese science and medicine.
  • UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage — recognition of acupuncture and other TCM practices as cultural heritage.

Culture & Everyday Life

Some of the most interesting things I’ve learned about TCM didn’t come from textbooks — they came from noticing how these practices show up in everyday life. A hotel kettle in every room. The way restaurants serve hot water by default. The goji berries in a family kitchen.

These cultural observations are one of the most valuable sources for a curious Western audience. They make abstract concepts feel real. When you see this kind of reference on TCM Simply, it won’t be presented as proof of anything — just as context for understanding how deeply these ideas are woven into daily life.

What I Don't Cite

To keep things trustworthy, we avoid:

  • Random wellness blogs or commercial supplement websites
  • Social media posts (TikTok, Instagram, Reddit) as primary sources
  • AI-generated content or unverifiable citations
  • Personal anecdotes used as evidence (though we use the occasional story as a mood-setter, never as proof)

Whenever there’s disagreement between traditional theory and modern medical evidence, I try to explain both rather than forcing them into agreement.

How AI Is Used

Like many modern publishers, I use AI as a writing assistant.

AI helps organize information, draft outlines, and improve readability.

However, every article is reviewed against reliable references before publication. AI is never treated as a source of truth, and it is never used to invent citations or medical claims.

Whenever an article discusses TCM theory, history, or modern research, the information is checked against the types of sources listed on this page.

Our Editorial Philosophy

Traditional Chinese Medicine has been studied, debated, practiced, criticized, refined, and passed down for more than two thousand years.

Whether you approach it with curiosity, skepticism, or personal experience, understanding it starts with understanding what it actually says.

That’s the purpose of TCM Simply.

Not to tell you what to believe.

Simply to explain one of the world’s oldest medical traditions as clearly, honestly, and accurately as possible.

A Note on Framing

You’ll notice that articles on this site rarely make flat statements about what TCM “does” or “cures.” Instead, you’ll see phrasing like “In TCM theory…” or “Classical texts describe…” or “Within this framework…”

This isn’t an accident. TCM Simply exists to explain — not to persuade, diagnose, or prescribe. Every source listed above is used in service of that goal: helping readers understand why these ideas make sense within their own cultural and philosophical context.

Medicine evolves. Research evolves. Our understanding of history evolves too.

As new evidence becomes available or better historical sources are uncovered, articles on TCM Simply may be updated to reflect the latest information. Accuracy is an ongoing process, and I believe good educational content should continue to improve over time.

 


Last updated: June 2026